It is well-known that the phenylboronic acid derivatives have chemical interactions with sugars. Hence, stable nanoparticles with core-shell structure were formed by the covalent complexation between boronic acid groups of poly(3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid) (pAPBA) and hydroxyl groups of poly(2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylate) (pLAMA). The image taken by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the nanoparticles had a size of about 200 nm and were irregular spheres. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay suggests that the nanoparticles were non-cytotoxic on the human colorectal carcinoma (Caco-2) cells. The confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) images show that the nanoparticles could internalize into Caco-2 cells. The insulin-loaded nanoparticles by intranasal administration led to a significant decrease in the plasma glucose levels and the histological assessment revealed that the nanoparticles would not develop lesions in the nasal epithelium. The nanoparticles are promising carriers for peptide and protein drugs in nasal delivery.