Shape deformation hydrogels, one of the most promising and essential part of stimuli-responsive polymers, could provide large-scale and reversible deformation under external stimuli. Due to their wet and soft property, shape deformation hydrogels have beenregarded as anticipated candidate for the exploration of biomimetic material, and shown various potential applications in many fields. Here, an overview of the mechanism and methods to prepare shape deformation hydrogels is presented. Then some innovativeand efficient strategy to fabricate programmable deformation hydrogels are introduced. Moreover, the successful exploration for potential applications including information encryption, soft robots and bionomic systems are discussed. Finally, related grandchallenges including achievement of multi-stable deformation and the combination of shape deforamtion and sensingare highlighted.